Copy and answer the questions below…

Critical Thinking

1. Taiping Rebellion
When:
Who:
Why:
Result:
2. How did most Chinese people feel about western influence in the mid-1800s? 3. How was Japan’s reaction to western threats different than China’s reaction? 4. Describe the purpose of the “Open Door Policy” in your own words. 5. How did Empress Ci Xi impede China’s progress?
6. Boxer Rebellion in the spring of 1900 when the Boxers surrounded European sections in Beijing. Cause:

Effect:

7. What is the significance of Sun Yixian to China?

Bail and Preventative Detention

Bail is a sum of money that the accused may be required to deposit with the court as a guarantee that he or she will appear in court.
The Constitution does not guarantee that all accused persons are entitled to bail, just that the amount of the bail cannot be excessive.

Bail is assigned on the type of crime committed and the likelihood that the accused will return for their trial. The greater the seriousness of the crime, the higher the bail.

Bail allows time for the accused to prepare for their defense, which is hard to do while in jail.
Many people accused of a crime do not have the money for bail so they get a bail bondsman. The bondsman provides the money for bail (for a fee), and may send a bounty hunter to find the bailee if they “skip” town and don’t show up for their trial, which causes the bail bondsman to lose money.

Cruel and Unusual Punishment
The 8th Amendment also forbids “cruel and unusual punishment.” The Supreme Court extended the provision to the States in Robinson v. California, 1962.

The 8th Amendment is intended to prevent, in the Court’s opinion, barbaric tortures such as drawing and quartering and other excessively cruel punishments.

The Supreme Court held that defining narcotics addiction as a crime, rather than an illness, was cruel and unusual in Robinson v. California, 1962. In Estelle v. Gamble, 1976, it ruled that a prison inmate could not be denied medical care.
However, generally the Court has not found many punishments to be cruel and unusual.

Capital Punishment
The Supreme Court voided capital punishment laws in the early 1970s because it felt that the punishment was applied “capriciously” to only a few convicts, often African American or poor or both.

However, in 1976, the Court held for the first time that a new law which instituted the death penalty was NOT unconstitutional. The new law provided for a two-stage trial process.
One trial would determine guilt or innocence, and a second hearing would decide whether the death penalty was warranted.
The Court later restricted the use of the death penalty to cases where the victim died.

Treason is the only crime defined in the Constitution.
Treason is:
1. Levying war against the United States or
2. Giving aid and comfort to the enemies of the United States.
A person can only commit treason in times of war, and it is punishable by the death penalty.
Other related acts, such as sabotage or espionage, can be committed in peacetime.

The Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments yo the U. S. Constitution
Who determines what the Bill of Rights mean?
The Supreme Court makes rulings on the meaning
The Supreme Court balances the rights of the individual with the needs of society

The first amendment—5 rights mentioned
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of the Press
Freedom of Assembly
Right to petition the government

Freedom of Religion
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise there of” Two clauses:
Establishment clause
Free Exercise clause

Freedom of Religion means the government can
Pay for busing to parochial schools
Provide nonreligious textbooks to parochial schools
Pay parochial schools to administer and grade tests
Allow parents to deduct (private) education related expenses from state income tax Allow religious instruction during the school day away from public schools Allow public high school students to hold religious group meetings at the school Allow public officials to pray during meetings
Restrict religious practice if it conflicts with criminal laws, or laws that protect the health, safety, or morals of the community

The government can’t
Interfere with the free exercise of religion (implies separation between Church and State) Make laws respecting an establishment of religion ( can’t promote a religion)
Provide financial aid for instructional material such as film, projector, and lab equipment for religious purposes Help to pay for parochial schools to develop testing programs
Create a public school district to solely benefit a particular religious community Use tax-supported public facilities for religious purposes
Allow prayer and bible reading at public schools
Make teachers observe a moment of silence for prayer
Ban the teaching of evolution in public schools
Create laws to require the teaching of creation vs. evolution

Freedom of speech
“Congress shall make no laws . . . abridging the freedom of speech”

Free speech– The individual can:
Say any political belief
Protest (without getting out of control)
Say things about someone that are true
Burn the flag
Say racist and hate slogans
Free speech means someone might say something you disagree with

Free speech—limits on the person
Threaten to blow up airplanes, schools or the president
Sexual harassment
Create too much social chaos
Extremely crude language in a public form
Disrespectful, vulgar language in schools
Hate crimes

Freedom of the press
Congress shall make no law . . . abridging . . . the freedom of the press.”

Freedom of the press-the press
Can
Print any political position
Make fun of people, especially politicians
Expose wrongs by the government
Say things you might not agree with

CANNOT

Libel– intentionally injuring a person’s reputation by false facts (in print) Slander – Verbally say something about a person that is not true. Disclose defense-security secrets
Detail how to make a certain weapons

Freedom of Assembly
Congress shall make no law . . . Abridging . . . The people to peaceably assemble” Freedom of Assembly–Individual
Can
Protest
Parade (with a permit)
Parade chanting hate slogans
Gang members can congregate in public

CANNOT
Protest by throwing rocks and breaking windows
Hang out on private land against owners will—loitering
Teen curfew

Petition the Government
“Congress shall make no law . . . Abridging . . . the people. . . to petition the government for a redress of grievances” Petition the government
You may sue the government for wrongs
You cannot be punished for exposing wrongs by the government The courts decide the wrongs

2nd Amendment—Right to bear arms
“A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed.”

What is the debate with the right to bear arms?
How much can the government keep guns from criminals and youth?
In order to keep guns away from criminals, does that limit the right of law abiding citizens? Gun debate continued
Thousands of people die every year because of guns
Thousands of crimes are prevented because of guns

Third Amendment
The Government cannot force you to shelter soldiers in your home without your consent in time of war or peace.

Rights of the Accused Amendments #4-8
Important to preserve freedom

Fourth Amendment
What does a policeman need in order to search your home?
A warrant given to him by a judge
Probable cause is also needed

Fifth Amendment
You cannot be tried for the same crime twice—called “Double Jeopardy” You do not have to testify against your self. “I plead the fifth” You must have due process of law before you are convicted
The government cannot take your land unless it pays.

Sixth Amendment
Right to speedy trial by impartial jury—meaning not favoring either side Sixth Amendment continued
You must be told of charges
You must be provided a lawyer if you cannot afford one

Seventh Amendment
Citizens have the right to demand a jury trial to settle disputes over things of value.

Eighth Amendment
No excessive bail
No cruel and unusual punishment
Bail and fines that are set by a court must be reasonable. Punishments for crimes cannot be cruel or unusual. Capital crime is punishable by death while infamous crime is punishable by jail term.

Ninth Amendment Rights Retained by the People
The government must respect all the rights of Americans, including rights that are not listed in the Constitution.
The government must respect all the rights of Americans, including rights that are not listed in the Constitution. So, even if the 4th Amendment didn’t enumerate an individual citizen’s right to privacy, or the 2nd Amendment didn’t protect the individual citizen’s right to keep and bear arms, THE NINTH AMENDMENT DOES.

Tenth Amendment , States’ Rights
The states, and the people, keep any powers that the Constitution does not specifically give to the federal government.
The states, and the people, keep any powers that the Constitution does not specifically give to the federal government.

Copy and answer questions 1-4 and just answer questions 5-7 on page 464 to review for Chapter 17-3.

World History

Write 4 detailed paragraphs to respond to questions #2-4 on page 307 to review Chapter 9-4.

Each paragraph should have five detailed statements.

By 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte felt that Europe offered too few chances for glory. Setting his sights toward Africa in 1798, he invaded Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.
“Europe is a molehill. . . . We must go to the East. . . . All great glory has been acquired there.”

Stresses in Muslim Regions
Muslim lands extended from western Africa to Southeast Asia. In the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires ruled much of this world— Ottomans in the Middle East,
Safavids (sah fah vidz) in Persia
Mughals in India.
Empires in Decline
By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. Corruption was widespread.
In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across various Muslim regions of Africa and Asia. Usman dan Fodio led the struggle to reform Muslim practices in northern Africa.
In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad (ahk mud) announced that he was the Mahdi (mahk dee), the long-awaited savior of the faith. The Mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region.
Another Islamic reform movement, the Wahhabi (wah hahb ee) movement in Arabia, rejected the schools of theology and law and wanted to recapture the simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings.
Through diplomacy and military threats, European powers won treaties giving them favorable trading terms. They then demanded special rights for Europeans residing in Muslim lands. At times, European powers protected those rights by intervening in local affairs.

Critical Thinking
1. How did subjects of the Ottomans weaken the Empire?
Subject peoples in North Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East threatened to break away. In the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained their independence. Revolts against Ottoman rule also erupted in Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia.

2. How did Europeans take advantage of the Ottoman Empire’s decline?
European states sought to benefit from the slow crumbling of the Ottoman empire.
After seizing Algeria in the 1830s, France hoped to gain more Ottoman territory.
Russia schemed to gain control of the Bosporus (bahs puh rus) and the Dardanelles. Control of these straits would give the Russians access to the Mediterranean Sea.
In 1898, the new German empire hoped to increase its influence in the region by building a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway.

3. What reforms were implemented by the Ottoman rulers in the late 1700s?
They reorganized the bureaucracy and system of tax collection. They built railroads, improved education, and hired Europeans to train a modern military. Young men were sent to the West to study science and technology. Many returned with Western political ideas about democracy and equality.
The reforms also brought improved medical care and revitalized farming. These improvements, however, created a different set of problems. Better healthcare resulted in a population explosion that increased the already intense competition for the best land and led to unrest.

4. Why were the Armenians persecuted by the Ottomans?
The Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman Empire. When Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered. Over the next 25 years, between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed or died from disease and starvation.

5. What effects did Muhammad Ali have on Egypt?
Improved tax collection
Reorganizing the landholding system
Backing large irrigation projects to increase farm output
Increased Egyptian participation in world trade.
Brought Western military experts to Egypt to help him build a well-trained, modern army. Conquered the neighboring lands of Arabia, Syria, and Sudan. Set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

6. What is the significance of the Suez Canal?
Because of its strategic location, the canal reduced the boat trip from Europe to Asia by Approximately 5000 miles.

7. How did the Suez Canal fall under British control?
In 1875, the ruler of Egypt was unable to repay loans he had contracted for the canal and other projects. To pay his debts, he sold his shares in the canal. The British bought the shares, gaining a controlling interest in the canal.

8. Why were European nations interested in Persia?
Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain wanted to protect its interests in India.
The discovery of oil in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.

9. How did people in Persia feel about the European presence? Some Persians wanted to move swiftly to adopt Western ways.
Others, led by Muslim religious leaders, condemned the Persian government and Western influences.

Chapter 9: The New Imperialism
Section 4: The British Take Over India

1. Britain was able to take control of India because… it took advantage of Indian divisions by encouraging competition and disunity among rival princes. Where diplomacy or intrigue did not work, the British used their superior weapons to overpower local rulers.
2. Sati is the Hindu practice that called for… a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire.
3. The Sepoy Rebellion occurred because… in 1857, the British issued new rifles to the sepoys. Troops were told to bite off the tips of cartridges before loading them into the rifles. The cartridges, however, were greased with animal fat—either from cows, which Hindus considered sacred, or from pigs, which were forbidden to Muslims. When the troops refused the order to “load rifles,” they were imprisoned.
4. India was valuable to Britain because… the British wanted to utilize India both as a market and as a source of raw materials.
5. India was positively affected by the British colonialism because… the British built roads and an impressive railroad network, introduced medical improvements and new farming methods, and revised the legal system to promote justice for Indians regardless of class or caste.
6. In the early 1800s, Ram Mohun Roy thought that the best way to improve India was for… Indians to learn English and adopt Western ways in addition to making improvements in their own Hindu or Muslim cultures.
7. The growth of Indian nationalism was caused by British rule because… a class of Western-educated Indians emerged. The exposure to European ideas influenced Western-educated Indians to lead a nationalist movement to promote Western ideals such as democracy and equality, they dreamed of ending imperial rule.
8. Most British people knew little about Indian achievements and… dismissed Indian culture with contempt.
9. The Muslims in India grew to resent Hindu domination of the Congress party. They also worried that a Hindu-run government would… oppress Muslims. In 1906, Muslims formed the Muslim League to pursue their own goals. Soon, they were talking of a separate Muslim state.

Chapter 17: International Trade
Section 2: Trade Barriers and Agreements

Definitions:

Tariff: A tax on imported goods.

Quotas: A limit on the quantity of imports.

Export Subsidy: Government payment to competing firms in its own country. This allows firms to sell their goods at lower prices thus competing well in both their country and other countries.

Product Standard: Safety requirements, product features, and packaging requirements.

Embargo: An order of a government prohibiting the departure of commercial ships from its ports

Voluntary export restraint: A self-imposed limitation on the number of products shipped to a particular country.

Cases:

1. A tax of 15% makes jewelry from Mexico more expensive than jewelry mad e in the United States.
2. Korea may export only 15,000 automobiles a year to the United States.
3. The rungs on the ladder of any bulldozer sold in Germany must be 12 inches apart, but US manufacturers generally make the rungs 15 inches apart.
4. A new textile firm asks its government to provide financial assistance to make it possible to sell its products overseas at a lower price that will compete well in other countries.
5.  The Japanese government agrees to limit the number of Japanese cars sold in the U.S.
6.  A bottle of French wine with a price tag of $20 costs $25 in the U.S.
7.  Only 200 lbs. of Belgium chocolate can be sold in the U.S.
8.  After the Montreal Expos win the World Series, the United States bans all trade with Canada.

Gov’t

Homework:
Complete the Cornell notes for Chapter 20-3.

World History

Homework:
Copy and answer the questions posted below the notes.

Chapter 9: The New Imperialism
Section 3: European Claims in Muslim Regions

By 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte felt that Europe offered too few chances for glory. Setting his sights toward Africa in 1798, he invaded Egypt, a province of the Ottoman empire.
“Europe is a molehill. . . . We must go to the East. . . . All great glory has been acquired there.”

Stresses in Muslim Regions
Muslim lands extended from western Africa to Southeast Asia.
In the 1500s, three giant Muslim empires ruled much of this world—
Ottomans in the Middle East,
Safavids (sah fah vidz) in Persia
Mughals in India.

Empires in Decline
By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. Corruption was widespread.
In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across various Muslim regions of Africa and Asia.

Usman dan Fodio led the struggle to reform Muslim practices in northern Africa.
In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad (ahk mud) announced that he was the Mahdi (mahk dee), the long-awaited savior of the faith. The Mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region.

Another Islamic reform movement, the Wahhabi (wah hahb ee) movement in Arabia, rejected the schools of theology and law and wanted to recapture the simplicity of Muhammad’s original teachings.

Through diplomacy and military threats, European powers won treaties giving them favorable trading terms. They then demanded special rights for Europeans residing in Muslim lands. At times, European powers protected those rights by intervening in local affairs.

Critical Thinking
1. How did subjects of the Ottomans weaken the Empire?
2. How did Europeans take advantage of the Ottoman Empire’s decline?
3. What reforms were implemented by the Ottoman rulers in the late 1700s?
4. Why were the Armenians persecuted by the Ottomans?
5. What effects did Muhammad Ali have on Egypt?
6. What is the significance of the Suez Canal?
7. How did the Suez Canal fall under British control?
8. Why were European nations interested in Persia?
9. How did people in Persia feel about the European presence?

Chapter-Section

1 -1,2,3

3 -1,2

4 -1,2,3

5 -1,2,3,4

6 -1,2,3,

7 -1,3

8 -3

10 -1,2,3

11 -2,3,4

12 -3,4

13 -1,2,5

14- 2,3,4

15- 1,4

17 -3

18- 3

19 -1,2,3,4

20- 1,2,3,4

Government Final Review

Important Topics:

1. Unitary system

2. Federal system

3. Jurisdiction of federal court and Supreme Court

4. Classification of government: oligarchy, autocracy, democracy

5. Federalist vs. Antifederalist

6. Preamble of the Constitution

7. Capitalism, socialism, communism, and command economy

8. Concurrent resolution and joint resolution

9. How a bill becomes a law

10. Adam Smith

11. John Locke

12. Karl Marx

13. Electoral College: its flaws, proposed reforms

14. Articles of Confederation and its weaknesses

15. Structure of Congress

16. Formal qualifications for representatives and senators, length of term and term limits

17. Checks and Balances and examples

18. Separation of Powers

19. Politics

20. Formal qualifications for presidency, term and limit

21. Powers of Congress and President

22. Direct democracy vs. Representative democracy

23. Opinions of the Supreme Court: unanimous, concurring, dissenting, majority

24. Cause and effect of the Intolerable Acts

25. Magna Carta

26. Bill of Rights: Amendment 1-10

27. Slander vs. Libel

28. Constituent

29. Presidential succession

30. Vice president and his duties

31. Impeachment process

32. Subpoena

33. Political parties

Complete 2 pages of Cornel Notes for Part 1 of Chapter 20-3 from page 576-579.

World History

Chapter 9: The New Imperialism
Section 2: The Partition of Africa

Complete the following statements.

1. Henry Stanley trekked into Central Africa to find … 2. King Leopold II, who had used the Congo as his own…
3. Dr. David Livingstone crisscrossed Africa for 30 years as a… 4. Menelik II, began to modernize Ethiopia and recognized the need to import…
5. During the Age of Imperialism, a Western-educated… 6. Resistance by Africans, difficult geography, and diseases all kept…
7. Livingstone believed that the only way to end the cruelty of the slave trade was to…
8. To most missionaries, African cultures and religions were “degraded,” and they urged…
9. International outrage over horrifying reports of Belgian overseers brutalizing villagers eventually forced… 10. In 1787, the British organized Sierra Leone in West Africa as…

Important Topics:

1. entrepreneur
2. all factors of production (land, labor, capital)
3. efficient economy
4. law of demand, law of supply
5. shift of the demand curve
6. elasticity of demand
7. elasticity of supply
8. demand schedule
9. ceteris paribus
10. total revenue
11. characteristics of centrally planned economy and free market economy 12. mixed economy
13. traditional economy
14. Karl Marx
15. Adam Smith
16. Joseph Stalin
17. Vladmir Lenin
18. government subsidies
19. various types of monopolies
20. price discrimination
21. deregulation of industry (its cause and effect)
22. patent
23. effects of technology on the economy
24. cartel
25. M1 and M2 money
26. fiat money
27. financial intermediary
28. components of a bond
29. diversification
30. liquidity
31. capital deepening
32. distribution of income in the United States
33. Dow Jones Industrial Average and S&P 500 Index
34. GDP
35. income approach vs. expenditure approach
36. stock split
37. dividend
38. income stock
39. growth stock
40. common stock
41. phases of the business cycle (peak, contraction, trough, expansion) 42. Certificate of Deposit
43. mutual fund
44. characteristics and functions of money
45. inflation (cause and effect)
46. labor unions and what they do for workers
47. effects of a growing population on the economy
48. Medicare
49. inferior good vs. normal good
50. characteristics of the Chinese economy
51. opportunity cost
52. trade off
53. production possibilities frontier
54. scarcity
55. guns or butter

Copy and answer questions #1-5 on page 447 to review Chapter 17-1.

The Free Exchange of Ideas
Freedom of Speech and Freedom of Press guarantees are meant to:
• Protect each person’s right of free expression, whether spoken, written, or communicated in any other way.
• Protect all persons’ right to a complete discussion of public affairs.
Freedom of Speech and Press do not protect:
• Libel, the false and malicious use of written words
• Slander, the false and malicious use spoken words
• Obscenity
• Words that incite others to commit crimes
Seditious Speech
Congress has enacted three major laws to prevent sedition and seditious speech:
• The Alien and Sedition Acts—made scandalous or false criticism of the government illegal. Expired before Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801.
• The Sedition Act of 1917—made it a crime to encourage disloyalty or spread anti-government ideas during a time of crisis. Upheld by the Supreme Court in instances of “clear and present danger.”
• The Smith Act of 1940—forbade advocating violent overthrow of the government, and belonging knowingly to any group that does.
Prior Restraint
In most cases, the government cannot curb ideas before they are expressed. It can punish ideas after they are expressed.
The Media
Symbolic Speech
• Symbolic speech is expression by conduct.
• Picketing, the patrolling of a business site by workers on strike, is a prevalent form of symbolic speech.
• Supreme Court rulings show that the blanket of symbolic speech covers only so much. It does not cover destroying draft cards (United States v. O’Brien, 1968) but it does encompass flag burning (Texas v. Johnson, 1989, and United States v. Eichman, 1990).
Commercial Speech
• Commercial Speech is speech for business purposes, usually advertising.
• Government can forbid advertising that is neither false nor misleading.

Chapter 19 – Civil Liberties: First Amendment Freedoms
Section 4 – Freedom of Assembly and Petition
The Constitution’s Guarantees
The Constitution guarantees “…the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.”

So what does it allow you to do without getting arrested?
• The right to assemble, or gather with one another to express views.
• The right to bring views to the attention of public officials.
Time-Place-Manner Regulations
The government can make and enforce rules regarding the time, place, and manner of assemblies.
The rights of assembly and petition do not give people a right to trespass on private property.
• States can interpret their constitutions to require owners of private property, such as shopping centers, to allow people to petition on their property.
Freedom of Association
• The guarantees of freedom of assembly and petition include a right of association—the right to associate with others to promote causes.
• The freedom of association also means that a State cannot force an organization to accept members when that association would contradict what the organization believes in.
• The Supreme Court has ruled that Boy Scouts of America can exclude gays from its organization.